Original Research Article

Global, regional, and national disruptions to COVID-19 vaccine coverage in 237 countries and territories, March 2022: a systematic analysis for World Health Organization COVID-19 Dashboard, Release 1

So Young Kim1,*http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-4930, Suhana Ahmad2,**http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1441-5621
Author Information & Copyright
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
2Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
*Correspondence: So Young Kim, E-mail: sossi81@hanmail.net
**Correspondence: Suhana Ahmad, E-mail: suhanaahmad1207@gmail.com

© Copyright 2022 Life Cycle. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Jun 02, 2022; Revised: Jul 25, 2022; Accepted: Aug 02, 2022

Published Online: Aug 07, 2022

Abstract

Objective:

Measuring coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is crucial in improving global public health system during the pandemic. However, there is limited supporting data needed in order to identify the global, regional, and national status of the COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Given to such limitations, this study aimed at investigating the status of COVID-19 vaccination coverage in a global, regional, and national perspective.

Methods:

For this study, we analyzed the COVID-19 vaccination data by the World Health Organization Dashboard of 237 countries and territories up to March 5, 2022. We then calculated the total vaccine doses administered and total vaccine doses administered per 100 population. There were some cases when the total doses administered per 100 population exceeded 100 while some populations received heterologous vaccine regime. The COVID-19 vaccination data were categorized according to World Health Organization regions, the World Bank income groups, and each country.

Results:

A total of 10,704,043,684 doses of COVID-19 vaccines and 137.33 doses per 100 population were administered globally. The COVID-19 vaccine coverage was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean (204 per 100 population), followed by the Americas (163.43 per 100 population), Europe (161.52 per 100 population), South-East Asia (127.82 per 100 population), Western Pacific (90.58 per 100 population), and Africa (24.17 per 100 population). High COVID-19 vaccine coverage was associated with the World Bank according to income groups (per 100 population; high income, 187.50; upper-middle income, 176.95; lower-middle income, 104.81; and low income, 19.65).

Conclusion:

After the introduction of worldwide COVID-19 vaccine coverage, a total of 10,704,043,684 doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered globally. However, international attention is needed on vaccination strategies for underdeveloped countries, which have low COVID-19 vaccine coverage.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccination; coverage; global

1. Introduction

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been prevalent worldwide since December 2019.[1, 2] The impact of COVID-19 had on human health was unprecedented.[3] Due to the highly contagious features and variant types that impeded the introduction of effective treatment options, a considerable portion of the global population have contracted COVID-19.[4] Although many patients with COVID-19 had mild to moderate respiratory symptoms, a large number of patients suffered from severe illness and COVID-19-related deaths.[5, 6] Because the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus that does not have a curative medicine or vaccination, a number of strategies, including quarantine maneuvers, have been conducted.[7, 8] To prevent or attenuate the COVID-19, multiple doses of vaccines have been administered worldwide.

The present study described the global, regional, and national statistics and trends of COVID-19 vaccine coverage. Total vaccine doses administered and total vaccine doses administered per 100 population have been investigated worldwide through the World Health Organization dataset. In addition, we calculated and stratified the COVID-19 vaccination data according to World Health Organization regions, World Bank income groups, and each country.

2. Method

This study used data derived from the World Health Organization Dashboard in 237 countries and territories up to March 5, 2022.[1] From December 2019 to March 2020, the World Health Organization collected the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths, total vaccine doses administered, and total vaccine doses administered per 100 population through official communications and by monitoring the official ministries of health in each country. These data were aimed to provide weekly updates on vaccine coverage by countries and territories. The COVID-19 vaccination data used in this study were collected and updated until March 5, 2022.

The total vaccine doses administered and total vaccine doses administered per 100 population were calculated. In some cases, the total doses administered per 100 population exceeded 100, while some population received a heterologous vaccine regime.[9] However, such specific vaccine types are not considered for the purpose of this study (ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca], BNT162b2 [Pfizer/BioNTech], mRNA-1273 [Moderna], Ad26.COV2.S [Johnson & Johnson–Janssen], and NVX-CoV2373 [Novavax]).[10]

2.1 Statistical Analysis

All dedicated efforts from government, international, national, and regional authorities have been made to improve the accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility of the World Health Organization Dashboard and present or potential errors in the data have been frequently corrected by the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 vaccination data were categorized according to World Health Organization regions (Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and Africa), World Bank income groups (high income, upper-middle income, lower-middle income, and low income), and by countries (n=237). We systematically investigated all the data [11, 12] and all figures and tables were generated through the R software (version 3.1.4; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria).

2.2 Patient and Public Involvement

No patients were directly involved in designing the research question or conducting the research. No patients were asked to interpret or write any results. However, we plan on disseminating the results of this study to any of the study participants or any relevant communities upon request.[13]

3. Results

A total of 10,704,043,684 doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered globally (Table 1) with an average of total vaccine dose administered per 100 population was estimated to be 137.33.

Table 1. Global COVID-19 vaccination status categorized by region and income groups
Name Total vaccine doses administered Total vaccine doses administered per 100 population
Global 10,704,043,684 137.33
By World Health Organization Region
Europe 1,507,085,453 161.52
Americas 1,671,470,141 163.43
South-East Asia 2,583,697,206 127.82
Eastern Mediterranean 4,008,571,856 204.04
Western Pacific 661,956,824 90.58
Africa 271,191,976 24.17
By World Bank Income Group
High income 2,260,912,674 187.50
Upper-middle income 5,208,240,832 176.95
Lower-middle income 3,096,350,779 104.81
Low income 134,792,949 19.65
Download Excel Table

According to regional groups classified by the World Health Organization (Fig. 1), COVID-19 vaccine coverage (total vaccine doses administered per 100 population) was the highest in Eastern Mediterranean (204 per 100 population), followed by Americas (163.43 per 100 population), Europe (161.52 per 100 population), South-East Asia (127.82 per 100 population), Western Pacific (90.58 per 100 population), and Africa (24.17 per 100 population).

lc-2-0-14-g1
Fig. 1. Global COVID-19 vaccination coverage (total doses administered per 100 population).
Download Original Figure

According to income groups classified by the World Bank, total vaccine doses administered per 100 population were highest in the higher income group (187.50 per 100 population), followed by the upper middle income group (176.95 per 100 population), low middle income (104.81 per 100 population), and low income group (19.65 per 100 population),

According to countries, the highest COVID-19 vaccination doses were administered in China (3,138,003,103 doses and 213.28 per 100 population), followed by India (1,776,718,549 doses and 128.75 per 100 population), USA (537,567,013 doses and 162.41 per 100 population), Brazil (369,527,744 doses and 173.85), Indonesia (345,697,245 doses and 126.39 per 100 population), Japan (223,820,819 doses and 176.97 per 100 population), Pakistan (213,532,343 doses and 96.67 per 100 population), Bangladesh (213,176,935 doses and 129.44 per 100 population), Vietnam (192,865,986 doses and 198.14 per 100 population), Mexico (179,274,307 doses and 139.05 per 100 population), and Germany (169,071,638 doses and 203.30 per 100 population).

Total vaccine doses administered per 100 population were lowest in Burundi (11,502 doses and 0.10 per 100 population), followed by Democratic Republic of the Congo (850,731 doses and 0.95 per 100 population), Haiti (234,119 doses and 2.05 per 100 population), Chad (403,992 doses and 2.46 per 100 population), Yemen (784,792 doses and 2.63 per 100 population), Madagascar (1,228,391 doses and 4.44 per 100 population), Papua New Guinea (412,501 doses and 4.61 per 100 population), South Sudan (518,428 doses and 4.63 per 100 population), Cameroon (1,272,574 doses and 4.79 per 100 population), United Republic of Tanzania (4,440,797 doses and 7.43 per 100 population), Niger (1,840,055 doses and 7.60 per 100 population), Mali (1,735,358 doses and 8.57 per 100 population), Malawi (1,934,835 doses and 10.11 per 100 population), Burkina Faso (2,330,052 doses and 10.15 per 100 population), Somalia (1,838,348 doses and 11.57 per 100 population), Sudan (5,711,034 doses and 13.02 per 100 population), Nigeria (27,583,270 doses and 13.38 per 100 population), Afghanistan (5,597,130 doses and 14.38 per 100 population), and Congo (812,761 doses and 14.73 per 100 population).

4. Discussion

After the worldwide introduction of COVID-19 vaccine coverage, a total of 10,704,043,684 doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered globally. The total COVID-19 vaccine doses administered exceeded 100% (137.33 per 100 population). When classified by regions, the Eastern Mediterranean demonstrated the highest COVID-19 vaccination coverage, and Africa showed the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates. By income level, the highest income group indicated the greatest COVID-19 vaccination coverage, while the lowest-income group described the lowest COVID-19 vaccination coverage. As such results represent the economic inequality in COVID-19 vaccination status, international attention is needed on vaccination strategies for underdeveloped countries which have low COVID-19 vaccination coverage.

Table 2. COVID-19 vaccination status by country
Name Total vaccine doses administered Total vaccine doses administered per 100 population
Afghanistan 5,597,130 14.38
Albania 2,707,658 94.10
Algeria 13,631,683 31.09
American Samoa 85,050 154.08
Andorra 142,420 184.30
Angola 16,633,167 50.61
Anguilla 22,165 147.75
Antigua and Barbuda 124,726 127.36
Argentina 93,008,081 205.79
Armenia 1,971,565 66.50
Aruba 167,759 157.13
Australia 54,043,583 211.94
Austria 17,855,030 200.60
Azerbaijan 12,659,541 124.90
Bahamas 327,515 83.29
Bahrain 3,410,306 200.42
Bangladesh 213,176,935 129.44
Barbados 309,125 107.57
Belarus 10,649,534 112.70
Belgium 24,601,511 213.50
Belize 458,351 115.27
Benin 2,788,620 23.00
Bermuda 124,342 199.67
Bhutan 1,592,652 206.41
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 12,606,278 108.00
Bonaire 33,014 157.85
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba 7,391 28.44
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,924,950 58.70
Botswana 1,438,728 61.18
Brazil 369,527,744 173.85
British Virgin Islands 36,610 121.08
Brunei Darussalam 1,041,610 238.09
Bulgaria 4,275,051 61.50
Burkina Faso 2,330,052 11.15
Burundi 11,502 0.10
Cabo Verde 711,323 127.94
Cambodia 35,067,827 209.75
Cameroon 1,272,574 4.79
Canada 80,233,844 212.58
Cayman Islands 143,257 217.98
Central African Republic 900,298 18.64
Chad 403,992 2.46
Chile 48,356,547 252.96
China 3,138,003,103 213.28
Colombia 76,733,198 150.80
Comoros 637,961 73.36
Congo 812,761 14.73
Cook Islands 36,399 207.24
Costa Rica 8,970,610 176.10
Côte d’Ivoire 9,970,869 37.80
Croatia 5,179,921 127.60
Cuba 34,926,539 308.36
Curaçao 244,091 148.75
Cyprus 1,706,147 192.10
Czechia 17,288,966 161.70
Democratic Republic of the Congo 850,731 0.95
Denmark 13,160,370 226.00
Djibouti 160,742 16.27
Dominica 61,649 85.63
Dominican Republic 15,173,404 139.87
Ecuador 31,772,830 180.09
Egypt 71,361,630 69.73
El Salvador 10,174,711 156.87
Equatorial Guinea 455,655 32.48
Estonia 2,010,403 151.30
Eswatini 490,899 42.31
Ethiopia 26,178,996 22.77
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 4,407 126.53
Faroe Islands 103,894 212.61
Fiji 1,288,363 143.72
Finland 11,420,891 206.70
France 153,013,512 227.30
French Guiana 219,105 73.36
French Polynesia 414,137 147.43
Gabon 545,642 24.52
Gambia 362,079 14.98
Georgia 2,567,028 64.30
Germany 169,071,638 203.30
Ghana 12,511,697 40.27
Gibraltar 113,138 335.81
Greece 19,946,219 186.10
Greenland 79,703 140.39
Grenada 85,891 76.33
Guadeloupe 362,639 90.63
Guam 317,874 188.34
Guatemala 14,535,479 81.13
Guernsey 148,014 229.59
Guinea 5,159,979 39.29
Guinea-Bissau 558,351 28.37
Guyana 863,110 109.73
Haiti 234,119 2.05
Honduras 11,561,083 116.72
Hungary 15,916,521 162.90
Iceland 785,791 215.80
India 1,776,718,549 128.75
Indonesia 345,697,245 126.39
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 142,195,819 169.30
Iraq 17,014,009 42.30
Ireland 10,418,205 209.90
Isle of Man 187,694 220.73
Israel 13,765,678 159.00
Italy 131,126,289 219.90
Jamaica 1,353,947 45.72
Japan 223,820,819 176.97
Jersey 222,371 206.29
Jordan 9,649,298 94.57
Kazakhstan 24,149,547 128.60
Kenya 16,786,825 31.22
Kiribati 127,916 107.09
Kosovo 1,808,756 100.70
Kuwait 7,592,265 177.78
Kyrgyzstan 2,492,189 38.20
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 8,791,236 120.83
Latvia 2,766,743 145.00
Lebanon 5,452,304 79.88
Lesotho 926,760 43.26
Liberia 1,200,630 23.74
Libya 3,347,763 48.72
Liechtenstein 70,228 181.25
Lithuania 4,432,081 158.60
Luxembourg 1,214,622 194.00
Madagascar 1,228,391 4.44
Malawi 1,934,835 10.11
Malaysia 66,872,362 206.61
Maldives 902,028 166.87
Mali 1,735,358 8.57
Malta 1,192,097 231.70
Marshall Islands 51,939 87.74
Martinique 368,725 98.26
Mauritania 2,617,442 56.29
Mauritius 2,353,567 185.06
Mexico 179,274,307 139.05
Micronesia (Federated States of) 97,185 84.49
Monaco 65,140 166.00
Mongolia 5,568,712 169.87
Montenegro 526,852 83.90
Montserrat 4,089 81.80
Morocco 53,894,957 146.02
Mozambique 23,563,858 75.39
Myanmar 45,202,278 83.08
Namibia 814,463 32.05
Nauru 15,128 139.63
Nepal 37,129,004 127.43
Netherlands 33,860,098 194.50
New Caledonia 366,995 128.55
New Zealand 10,554,287 218.87
Nicaragua 9,367,505 141.41
Niger 1,840,055 7.60
Nigeria 27,583,270 13.38
Niue 2,628 162.42
North Macedonia 1,823,012 87.50
Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the USA) 105,295 182.94
Norway 11,165,064 208.00
occupied Palestinian territory 3,609,984 70.76
Oman 6,878,593 134.70
Pakistan 213,532,343 96.67
Palau 45,692 252.55
Panama 7,544,898 174.86
Papua New Guinea 412,501 4.61
Paraguay 8,070,750 113.15
Peru 61,695,372 187.12
Philippines 135,251,295 123.43
Pitcairn Islands 74 148.00
Poland 53,029,684 139.70
Portugal 23,288,435 226.20
Puerto Rico 6,895,098 241.02
Qatar 6,398,889 222.10
Republic of Korea 118,895,241 231.90
Republic of Moldova 2,059,291 51.00
Romania 15,831,189 81.90
Russian Federation 160,816,996 110.20
Rwanda 18,038,703 139.27
Saba 3,148 162.86
Saint Helena 7,892 130.00
Saint Kitts and Nevis 60,467 113.68
Saint Lucia 116,213 63.29
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 67,378 60.73
Samoa 276,278 139.24
San Marino 64,480 190.00
Sao Tome and Principe 193,775 88.42
Saudi Arabia 61,384,936 176.32
Senegal 2,493,984 14.90
Serbia 6,612,050 95.50
Seychelles 198,120 201.45
Sierra Leone 1,859,571 23.31
Singapore 13,452,417 229.94
Sint Eustatius 3,110 99.08
Sint Maarten 61,545 143.52
Slovakia 7,008,272 128.40
Slovenia 2,957,432 141.10
Solomon Islands 315,423 45.92
Somalia 1,838,348 11.57
South Africa 32,027,146 54.00
South Sudan 518,428 4.63
Spain 98,615,715 208.30
Sri Lanka 38,275,280 178.75
Sudan 5,711,034 13.02
Suriname 545,058 92.91
Sweden 19,694,254 190.70
Switzerland 11,821,090 136.60
Syrian Arab Republic 3,264,756 18.66
Tajikistan 9,279,471 97.30
Thailand 123,738,218 177.28
The United Kingdom 139,482,283 205.50
Timor-Leste 1,265,017 95.95
Togo 2,734,547 33.03
Tokelau 1,936 143.41
Tonga 157,483 149.00
Trinidad and Tobago 1,520,535 108.65
Tunisia 14,629,647 123.79
Turkey 144,850,157 171.70
Turkmenistan 7,580,976 125.70
Turks and Caicos Islands 68,176 176.08
Tuvalu 12,114 102.73
Uganda 16,672,943 36.45
Ukraine 31,455,954 71.90
United Arab Emirates 24,247,279 245.16
United Republic of Tanzania 4,440,797 7.43
United States of America 537,567,013 162.41
Uruguay 7,612,199 219.14
Uzbekistan 42,121,870 125.90
Vanuatu 197,335 64.25
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 37,860,994 133.15
Vietnam 192,865,986 198.14
Wallis and Futuna 15,633 139.01
Yemen 784,792 2.63
Zambia 2,858,338 15.55
Zimbabwe 7,904,719 53.18
Download Excel Table

Populations with higher economic levels or larger incomes demonstrated a higher rate of COVID-19 vaccination. A previous study also reported economic inequality in COVID-19 vaccination coverage.[14, 15] In addition, updated findings from other studies supported the fact that the proportion of the fully vaccinated population was inversely related to the poverty rate in many countries.[14, 16] Considering the low COVID-19 vaccination coverage among low-income populations, the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 were also related to economic inequality.[17] Although countries across the sociodemographic spectrum have reported serious concerning trends, improvements of COVID-19 vaccination suggest that the morbidity and mortality inequality worldwide can be decreased.[18-20] Thus, the key message is that by increasing the rate of the fully vaccinated population for COVID-19, economic inequality related to COVID-19 can be reduced.[21] Future studies will the needed to monitor and further improve the healthcare system to cope with the COVID-19 era.

4.1 Strengths and Limitations

Our study is subject to several limitations. Firstly, the dataset used in this study did not account for all potential covariates (individual-level data) and vaccine types (ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca], BNT162b2 [Pfizer/BioNTech], mRNA-1273 [Moderna], Ad26.COV2.S [Johnson & Johnson–Janssen], and NVX-CoV2373 [Novavax]).[22] Secondly, the limitation of data on COVID-19 vaccines administered through private markets and certain countries impacted the representativeness of the results and lead to underestimation of our findings. Despite of these limitations, our global interpretations have met our objective by supporting international and rapid evidence to solve global emerging issues and economic inequality related to the COVID-19.[23, 24]

5. Conclusion

After introduction of worldwide COVID-19 vaccine coverage, a total of 10,704,043,684 doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered globally. The total COVID-19 vaccine doses administered exceeded 100% (137.33 per 100 population) worldwide. However, underdeveloped nations and countries with low income have lower vaccination coverage compared to developed and countries with higher income. Thus, international attention is needed on vaccination strategies for underdeveloped countries which have low COVID-19 vaccine coverage.

Capsule Summary
After the introduction of worldwide COVID-19 vaccine coverage, a total of 10,704,043,684 doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered globally.

Ethics statements

The study’s protocol has been approved by the research ethics board at the University of Washington. This dataset shall be conducted in full compliance with University of Washington policies and procedures, as well as applicable federal, state, and local laws.

Patient and Public Involvement

No patients were directly involved in designing the research question or conducting the research. No patients were asked to interpret or write any results. However, we plan on disseminating the results of this study to any of the study participants or any relevant communities upon request.

Data availability statement

Data of the study are publicly available.

Transparency statement

The leading authors (Dr. SYK and SA) are an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported.

Acknowledgements

None

Author Contribution

Drs SYK and SA had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors approved the final version before submission. Study concept and design: SYK and SA; Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: SYK and SA; Drafting of the manuscript: SYK and SA; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: SYK and SA; Statistical analysis: SYK; Study supervision: SYK and SA. SYK is guarantor. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted.

Funding

This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.

Provenance and peer review

Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

References

1.

Kim SY, Yeniova AÖ. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in 237 countries and territories, January 2022: A systematic analysis for World Health Organization COVID-19 dashboard. Life Cycle. 2022; 2e10

2.

DeWolf S, Laracy JC, Perales MA, Kamboj M, van den Brink MRM, Vardhana S. SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals. Immunity. 2022

3.

Lee SW, Yang JM, Moon SY, Kim N, Ahn YM, Kim JM, et al. Association between mental illness and COVID-19 in South Korea: A post-hoc analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2021; 8(4):271-2

4.

Smith L, Shin JI, Koyanagi A. Vaccine strategy against COVID-19 with a focus on the Omicron and stealth Omicron variants: Life Cycle committee recommendations. Life Cycle. 2022; 2e5

5.

Lee SW, Yang JM, Yoo IK, Moon SY, Ha EK, Yeniova A, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of severe COVID-19: a post-hoc analysis from the Korean nationwide cohort. Gut. 2021; 70(10):2013-5

6.

Han J, Yin J, Wu X, Wang D, Li C. Environment and COVID-19 incidence: A critical review. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China). 2023; 124:933-51

7.

Krittanawong C, Maitra N, Kumar A, Hahn J, Wang Z, Carrasco D, et al. COVID-19 and preventive strategy. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2022; 12(4):153-69

8.

Parvizi MM, Forouhari S, Shahriarirad R, Shahriarirad S, Bradley RD, Roosta L. Prevalence and associated factors of complementary and integrative medicine use in patients afflicted with COVID-19. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2022; 22(1):251

9.

GBD 2020 R, Vaccine Coverage Collaborators. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2020, Release 1. Lancet (London, England). 2021; 398(10299):503-21

10.

Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, Boffito M, Browne D, Burns F, et al. Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2021; 385(13):1172-83

11.

Solmi M, Song M, Yon DK, Lee SW, Fombonne E, Kim MS, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries. Molecular Psychiatry. 2022

12.

Park S, Han JH, Hwang J, Yon DK, Lee SW, Kim JH, et al. The global burden of sudden infant death syndrome from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019. QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2022

13.

Lee JS, Lee YA, Shin CH, Suh DI, Lee YJ, Yon DK. Long-term health outcomes of early menarche in women: An umbrella review. QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2022

14.

Liao TF. Social and economic inequality in coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination coverage across Illinois counties. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1):18443

15.

Wang T, Xu J, Wang B, Wang Y, Zhao W, Xiang B, et al. Receptor-binding domain-anchored peptides block binding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike proteins with cell surface angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022; 13:910343

16.

Vink M, Iglói Z, Fanoy EB, van Beek J, Boelsums T, de Graaf M, et al. Community-based SARS-CoV-2 testing in low-income neighbourhoods in Rotterdam: Results from a pilot study. Journal of Global Health; 2022; 12:05042

17.

Liao TF, De Maio F. Association of social and economic inequality with coronavirus disease 2019 incidence and mortality across US Counties. JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4(1)e2034578

18.

Andre FE, Booy R, Bock HL, Clemens J, Datta SK, John TJ, et al. Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide. Bull World Health Organ. 2008; 86(2):140-6

19.

Yao X, Xu X, Chan KL, Chen S, Assink M, Gao S. Associations between psychological inflexibility and mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A three-level meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022

20.

Hegelund MH, Fjordside L, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Christensen DL, Bygbjerg IC. Opportunistic non-communicable diseases in times of COVID-19. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 2022

21.

Arias-Uriona AM, Pérez E, Llanos J, Cuellar R, Galarza PY. [Social determinants associated with self-reporting of symptoms and access to COVID-19 testing and diagnosis in the Plurinational state of BoliviaDeterminantes sociais associados ao autorrelato de sintomas, acesso a testagem e diagnóstico de COVID-19 no Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia]. Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health. 2022; 46e114

22.

Lee SW, Kim SY, Moon SY, Yoo IK, Yoo EG, Eom GH, et al. Statin Use and COVID-19 Infectivity and Severity in South Korea: Two population-based nationwide cohort studies. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. 2021; 7(10)e29379

23.

Barajas JN, Hornung AL, Kuzel T, Mallow GM, Park GJ, Rudisill SS, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on spine surgeons worldwide: A one year prospective comparative study. Global Spine Journal. 2022; :21925682221131540

24.

Kontokosta CE, Hong B, Bonczak BJ. Measuring sensitivity to social distancing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific Reports. 2022; 12(1):16350