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Life Cycle
Life Cycle

Life Cycle 2

eISSN: 2799-8894

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54724/lc.2022.e15

Original Research Article

Global, regional, and national COVID-19 vaccination rate in 237 countries and territories, March 2022: a systematic analysis for World Health Organization COVID-19 Dashboard, Release 2

Rosie Kwon1,*https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5422-4446, Masoud Rahmati2,**https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4792-027X
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
2Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
*Correspondence: Rosie Kwon, E-mail: rosiekw@umich.edu
**Correspondence: Masoud Rahmati, E-mail: rahmati.mas@lu.ac.ir

© Copyright 2022 Life Cycle. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Jul 05, 2022; Revised: Aug 25, 2022; Accepted: Sep 05, 2022

Published Online: Sep 08, 2022

Abstract

Objective:

We aimed to better understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic through analysis of disruptions in a global, regional, and national status of COVID-19 vaccination coverage compared by a global scale, World Health Organization regions, World Bank income groups, and each country.

Methods:

Global datasets of 237 countries and territories from the World Health Organization Dashboard until March 5, 2022 were used and paired with estimates of COVID-19 vaccination coverage of individual levels which were derived from country level models form World Health Organization Dashboard, Release 1. The numbers of persons vaccinated with at least one dose, persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population, and persons fully vaccinated per 100 population were then calculated and estimated. The data were described by a global scale and stratified by World Health Organization regions (Eastern Mediterranean, Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and Africa), World Bank income groups (high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income), and each country.

Results:

A total of 4,964,626,775 persons worldwide were vaccinated with at least one dose, which is 63.69 per 100 population administered of COVID-19 vaccines at least one dose, and 56.16 per 100 population were fully vaccinated. The number of persons vaccinated with at least one dose was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean (84.18 per 100 population), followed by the Americas (75.82 per 100 population), South-East Asia (68.97 per 100 population), Europe (66.28 per 100 population), Western Pacific (47.18 per 100 population), and Africa (15.87 per 100 population). Persons fully vaccinated had similar patterns of those vaccinated with at least one dose; Eastern Mediterranean (84.25 per 100 population), the Americas (65.08 per 100 population), Europe (61.59 per 100 population), South-East Asia (55.67 per 100 population), Western Pacific (39.04 per 100 population), and Africa (11.62 per 100 population). The proportion of persons who were vaccinated at least one dose or fully vaccinated was greatest in the high income countries, followed by upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income.

Conclusion:

The rate of COVID-19 vaccination with at least one dose and those who were fully vaccinated was estimated to be 63.69 per 100 population and 56.16 per 100 population, respectively. Although the COVID-19 vaccine coverage trajectories points towards global increasement in vaccination, persistent inequality in preventing the COVID-19 pandemic occurred in vulnerable groups such as under-developed and low income countries.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccination; coverage; global; regional; national; World Health Organization

1. Introduction

Vaccines to cope with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed since 2020.[1] The rapid development and clinical trials of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines lead to the initiation of COVID-19 vaccination in 2021.[2, 3] Almost all COVID-19 vaccines (including NVX-CoV2373 [Novavax], Ad26.COV2.S [Johnson & Johnson-Janssen], ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca], BNT162b2 [Pfizer/BioNTech], and mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) targeted the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which have been acknowledged as a crucial determinant of invasion and tropism.[4, 5] The main types of vaccines were mRNA (BNT162b2 [Pfizer/BioNTech] andmRNA-1273 [Moderna]), engineered recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticle (NVX-CoV2373 [Novavax]), and viral vector-based vaccines (Ad26.COV2.S [Johnson & Johnson-Janssen] and ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca]).[6-8] Clinical trials on COVID-19 vaccines were reported to have above 95% effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 without serious adverse effects.[9-11] Moreover, more clinical data regarding the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination is being discovered.[12, 13]

Although dedicated efforts in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases lead to the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination, there is an inconclusive status of global, regional, and national COVID-19 vaccine coverage. To better understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to estimate disruptions in the global, regional, and national status of COVID-19 vaccination coverage on a global scale and by World Health Organization region and World Bank income group, and each country. We then calculated and estimated numbers of persons vaccinated with at least one dose, persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population, and persons fully vaccinated per 100 population, using the World Health Organization dataset.[14] The current data on COVID-19 vaccination trends can be an indicator for making efficient public policies regarding COVID-19 vaccination.

2. Method

Our main analysis involved three main steps: (1) synthesizing data available on the World Health Organization Dashboard of 237 countries and territories updated until March 5, 2022[14]; (2) calculating and estimating number of persons vaccinated with at least one dose, persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population, and persons fully vaccinated per 100 population by pairing estimates of COVID-19 vaccination coverage by individual level, which were originally country level models form the World Health Organization Dashboard, Release 1,; and (3) analyzing and describing the data by a global scale and stratifying it according to World Health Organization regions (Eastern Mediterranean, Americas, Europe, Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and Africa), World Bank income groups (high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income), and each country (total n=237).

The numbers on referred from the World Health Organization Dashboard were generated from December 2019 to March 2020 and were estimated numbers of persons vaccinated with at least one dose, persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population, and persons fully vaccinated per 100 population by the official ministries of health in each country collected. The World Health Organization Dashboard aimed to provide weekly updates on COVID-19 vaccine coverage of 237 countries and territories, which was last updated on March 5, 2022. The index date described is equivalent to the date of the first vaccine administrated. Suspension of COVID-19 vaccination were not taken into account in this study. Also, the specific vaccine types were excluded from our analysis (NVX-CoV2373 [Novavax], Ad26.COV2.S [Johnson & Johnson-Janssen], ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca], BNT162b2 [Pfizer/BioNTech], and mRNA-1273 [Moderna]). [15]

2.1 Statistical Analysis

We evaluated country level model forms drawn from the World Health Organization Dashboard, Release 1 and estimated COVID-19 vaccination coverage in individual levels calculated by estimated numbers of persons vaccinated with at least one dose, persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population, and persons fully vaccinated per 100 population. We then aggregated the estimated numbers to global scales, World Bank income groups (high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income), World Health Organization regions (Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and Africa), and each country (n=237). Systematic analysis was performed[16, 17] and all generated findings were calculated using R software (version 3.1.3; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria).

2.2 Patient and Public Involvement

No patients were directly involved in designing the research question or conducting the research. No patients were asked to interpret or write up the results. However, we plan on disseminating the results of this study to any of the study participants or wider relevant communities on request.[18]

3. Results

A total of 4,964,626,775 persons worldwide were vaccinated with at least one dose, which is 63.69 per 100 population administered COVID-19 vaccines at least one dose, and 56.16 per 100 population were fully vaccinated (Table 1 and Fig. 1).

Table 1. COVID-19 vaccination coverage globally and by World Health Organization regions and World Bank income groups.
Name Number of persons vaccinated with at least one dose Persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population Persons fully vaccinated per 100 population
Global 4,964,626,775 63.69 56.16
By World Health Organization Region
Europe 618,443,276 66.28 61.59
Americas 775,517,630 75.82 65.08
South-East Asia 1,394,145,011 68.97 55.67
Eastern Mediterranean 1,653,678,036 84.18 81.25
Western Pacific 344,775,883 47.18 39.04
Africa 178,040,232 15.87 11.62
By World Bank Income Group
High income 943,938,853 78.28 72.25
Upper-middle income 2,266,250,095 77.00 70.73
Lower-middle income 1,658,402,430 56.14 45.77
Low income 94,415,216 13.76 10.36
Download Excel Table
lc-2-0-15-g1
Fig. 1. Global COVID-19 vaccination coverage (number of vaccine used)
Download Original Figure

In Fig. 2, the proportion of persons fully vaccinated was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean (81.25 per 100 population), followed by the Americas (65.08 per 100 population), Europe (61.59 per 100 population), South-East Asia (55.67 per 100 population), the Western Pacific (39.04 per 100 population), and Africa (11.62 per 100 population). The proportion of persons vaccinated with at least one dose have similar patterns of those fully vaccinated (Fig. 3); Eastern Mediterranean (84.18 per 100 population), the Americas (75.82 per 100 population), South-East Asia (68.97 per 100 population), Europe (66.28 per 100 population), Western Pacific (47.18 per 100 population), and Africa (15.87 per 100 population).

lc-2-0-15-g2
Fig. 2. Global COVID-19 vaccination coverage (persons fully vaccinated per 100 population)
Download Original Figure
lc-2-0-15-g3
Fig. 3. Global COVID-19 vaccination coverage (persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population)
Download Original Figure

According to income groups classified by the World Bank, the proportion of persons fully vaccinated were highest in the high income group (72.25 per 100 population), followed by the upper-middle income group (70.73 per 100 population), lower-middle income (45.77 per 100 population), and low income (10.36 per 100 population).

According to country levels, the proportion of persons fully vaccinated were highest in Gibraltar (121.45 per 100 population), followed by United Arab Emirates (97.25 per 100 population), Cayman Islands (90.88 per 100 population), Puerto Rico (90.75 per 100 population), Chile (89.89 per 100 population), Qatar (89.41 per 100 population), Cuba (87.19 per 100 population), Republic of Korea (86.38 per 100 population), Malta (85.68 per 100 population), Portugal (84.12 per 100 population), and China (83.98 per 100 population).

In Table 2, the proportion of persons fully vaccinated were lowest in Burundi (0.08 per 100 population), followed by Democratic Republic of the Congo (0.50 per 100 population), Chad (0.87 per 100 population), Haiti (0.89 per 100 population), Yemen (1.29 per 100 population), Papua New Guinea (2.80 per 100 population), Cameroon (3.06 per 100 population), Madagascar (3.57 per 100 population), South Sudan (3.81 per 100 population), Nigeria (4.11 per 100 population), United Republic of Tanzania (4.18 per 100 population), Malawi (4.24 per 100 population), Niger (4.34 per 100 population), Mali (4.35 per 100 population), Sudan (5.32 per 100 population), Burkina Faso (5.51 per 100 population), Somalia (5.90 per 100 population), Syrian Arab Republic (7.25 per 100 population), Djibouti (10.15 per 100 population), Zambia (10.25 per 100 population), and Afghanistan (11.00 per 100 population).

Table 2. COVID-19 vaccination coverage by each country
Name Number of persons vaccinated with at least one dose Persons vaccinated with at least one dose per 100 population Persons fully vaccinated per 100 population
Afghanistan 4,952,744 12.72 11.00
Albania 1,284,034 45.12 41.89
Algeria 7,456,361 17.00 13.86
American Samoa 42,212 76.48 68.49
Andorra 57,797 75.87 69.90
Angola 10,780,927 32.80 17.07
Anguilla 10,370 69.12 63.53
Antigua and Barbuda 63,582 64.93 62.44
Argentina 40,572,052 89.77 80.18
Armenia 1,080,404 36.46 29.44
Aruba 87,350 81.81 75.31
Australia 22,047,151 86.46 80.30
Austria 6,791,963 76.31 73.55
Azerbaijan 5,309,691 52.37 47.14
Bahamas 163,061 41.47 39.13
Bahrain 1,231,321 72.36 71.28
Bangladesh 124,691,912 75.71 51.38
Barbados 159,958 55.66 51.91
Belarus 5,528,298 58.51 49.03
Belgium 9,199,837 79.84 78.44
Belize 234,370 58.94 51.95
Benin 2,591,583 21.38 16.61
Bermuda 46,961 75.41 74.06
Bhutan 596,568 77.32 74.49
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 6,944,412 59.49 48.10
Bonaire 17,366 83.03 74.82
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba 5,726 22.03 11.41
Bosnia and Herzegovina 943,394 28.76 25.79
Botswana 1,438,728 61.18 52.23
Brazil 172,334,091 81.08 69.99
British Virgin Islands 18,923 62.58 57.30
Brunei Darussalam 407,674 93.19 92.46
Bulgaria 2,073,249 29.83 29.23
Burkina Faso 2,117,997 10.13 5.51
Burundi 9,738 0.08 0.08
Cabo Verde 352,929 63.48 53.98
Cambodia 14,524,943 86.88 82.79
Cameroon 1,073,258 4.04 3.06
Canada 32,365,984 85.76 81.33
Cayman Islands 61,502 93.58 90.88
Central African Republic 819,313 16.96 16.15
Chad 271,031 1.65 0.87
Chile 17,759,193 92.90 89.89
China 1,276,556,393 86.77 83.98
Colombia 41,253,498 81.08 65.59
Comoros 341,102 39.23 34.64
Congo 675,865 12.25 11.51
Cook Islands 14,571 82.96 72.72
Costa Rica 4,152,664 81.52 74.36
Côte d’Ivoire 6,874,956 26.06 15.19
Croatia 2,303,242 56.79 54.75
Cuba 10,604,386 93.62 87.19
Curaçao 106,676 65.01 59.80
Cyprus 655,735 73.84 73.51
Czechia 6,935,621 64.86 63.87
Democratic Republic of the Congo 754,459 0.84 0.50
Denmark 4,842,238 83.16 81.52
Djibouti 140,287 14.20 10.15
Dominica 32,113 44.61 41.03
Dominican Republic 7,110,411 65.55 53.97
Ecuador 14,761,254 83.67 76.72
Egypt 41,192,990 40.25 29.49
El Salvador 4,540,530 70.00 65.72
Equatorial Guinea 251,474 17.92 14.55
Estonia 835,907 62.90 62.46
Eswatini 380,363 32.79 28.97
Ethiopia 21,524,528 18.72 15.71
Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 2,632 75.57 50.96
Faroe Islands 41,715 85.37 83.69
Fiji 667,948 74.51 69.21
Finland 4,468,653 80.88 76.35
France 54,700,591 81.25 79.75
French Guiana 95,896 32.11 28.88
French Polynesia 183,676 65.39 64.21
Gabon 299,993 13.48 11.04
Gambia 330,027 13.66 13.11
Georgia 1,255,300 31.47 28.37
Germany 63,380,508 76.21 75.15
Ghana 7,721,716 24.85 15.42
Gibraltar 41,968 124.57 121.45
Greece 7,828,777 73.04 70.38
Greenland 41,229 72.62 67.77
Grenada 42,971 38.19 33.29
Guadeloupe 146,572 36.63 34.99
Guam 147,421 87.35 79.02
Guatemala 7,184,896 40.10 31.30
Guernsey
Guinea 3,067,446 23.36 15.93
Guinea-Bissau 515,764 26.21 17.23
Guyana 464,288 59.03 44.47
Haiti 151,962 1.33 0.89
Honduras 5,414,940 54.67 46.07
Hungary 6,326,391 64.76 62.46
Iceland 305,549 83.91 80.92
India 964,234,491 69.87 57.42
Indonesia 190,976,834 69.82 52.83
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 63,110,540 75.14 66.34
Iraq 9,992,944 24.84 17.14
Ireland 4,018,239 80.94 79.10
Isle of Man 69,417 81.64 78.41
Israel 7,046,983 81.42 73.55
Italy 50,198,378 84.17 78.46
Jamaica 764,769 25.83 21.90
Japan 101,672,246 80.39 79.21
Jersey 82,645 76.67 73.23
Jordan 4,694,106 46.01 42.98
Kazakhstan 10,110,959 53.85 43.46
Kenya 7,858,965 14.62 14.25
Kiribati 76,491 64.04 42.22
Kosovo 899,560 50.10 45.29
Kuwait 3,393,521 79.46 76.74
Kyrgyzstan 1,320,378 20.24 17.02
Lao People's Democratic Republic 4,830,440 66.39 58.50
Latvia 1,295,877 67.93 65.98
Lebanon 2,641,501 38.70 33.49
Lesotho 782,175 36.51 33.96
Liberia 1,116,709 22.08 21.44
Libya 2,168,808 31.56 16.02
Liechtenstein 26,707 68.93 68.02
Lithuania 1,944,941 69.76 67.66
Luxembourg 467,216 74.62 72.84
Madagascar 1,038,325 3.75 3.57
Malawi 1,536,112 8.03 4.24
Malaysia 26,873,297 83.03 79.55
Maldives 398,214 73.67 68.65
Mali 1,227,110 6.06 4.35
Malta 448,134 87.09 85.68
Marshall Islands 27,833 47.02 39.94
Martinique 146,841 39.13 37.58
Mauritania 1,539,645 33.11 22.44
Mauritius 993,298 78.10 74.50
Mexico 85,083,649 65.99 61.08
Micronesia (Federated States of) 57,174 49.71 39.87
Monaco 28,875 73.58 65.40
Mongolia 2,271,500 69.29 66.28
Montenegro 275,260 44.26 40.46
Montserrat 1,869 37.39 34.99
Morocco 24,854,067 67.34 63.15
Mozambique 12,963,020 41.47 36.72
Myanmar 23,586,822 43.35 38.45
Namibia 440,661 17.34 14.71
Nauru 7,764 71.66 67.97
Nepal 18,491,302 63.46 60.03
Netherlands 13,447,203 77.25 70.96
New Caledonia 187,718 65.75 62.79
New Zealand 4,255,126 88.24 82.14
Nicaragua 5,423,137 81.86 59.54
Niger 1,474,560 6.09 4.34
Nigeria 18,404,584 8.93 4.11
Niue 1,340 82.82 79.60
North Macedonia 851,356 41.00 40.10
Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the) 44,211 76.81 74.50
Norway 4,324,308 80.56 74.83
occupied Palestinian territory 1,979,151 38.80 33.64
Oman 3,220,696 63.07 58.84
Pakistan 124,309,711 56.28 45.32
Palau 19,923 110.12 96.34
Panama 3,331,140 77.20 67.76
Papua New Guinea 310,659 3.47 2.80
Paraguay 3,786,974 53.09 44.66
Peru 27,499,335 83.40 73.13
Philippines 68,661,595 62.66 57.51
Pitcairn Islands 37 74.00 74.00
Poland 22,587,330 59.51 58.30
Portugal 9,651,664 93.81 84.12
Puerto Rico 3,098,101 108.29 90.75
Qatar 2,575,934 89.41 89.41
Republic of Korea 44,776,711 87.34 86.38
Republic of Moldova 1,074,332 26.63 25.54
Romania 8,147,081 42.15 41.68
Russian Federation 78,284,278 53.64 49.06
Rwanda 8,811,796 68.03 60.29
Saba 1,582 81.84 81.01
Saint Helena 4,361 71.83 58.16
Saint Kitts and Nevis 31,162 58.58 49.43
Saint Lucia 57,622 31.38 28.27
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 35,207 31.74 26.25
Samoa 145,989 73.58 65.67
San Marino 24,583 71.35 63.39
Sao Tome and Principe 111,775 51.00 35.58
Saudi Arabia 26,026,203 74.76 69.76
Senegal 1,448,125 8.65 6.16
Serbia 3,356,512 48.46 47.00
Seychelles 84,141 85.56 81.26
Sierra Leone 1,516,460 19.01 12.10
Singapore 4,977,864 85.09 83.73
Sint Eustatius 1,588 50.59 48.49
Sint Maarten 27,857 64.96 60.28
Slovakia 2,816,259 51.60 50.47
Slovenia 1,252,953 59.78 58.10
Solomon Islands 214,939 31.29 14.61
Somalia 1,479,158 9.31 5.90
South Africa 21,107,042 35.59 30.36
South Sudan 469,694 4.20 3.81
Spain 40,929,909 86.47 76.05
Sri Lanka 16,903,964 78.94 66.21
Sudan 5,126,250 11.69 5.32
Suriname 265,860 45.32 40.04
Sweden 7,526,952 72.88 71.02
Switzerland 6,076,088 70.60 67.43
Syrian Arab Republic 2,239,981 12.80 7.25
Tajikistan 4,916,961 51.55 43.07
Thailand 53,584,958 76.77 71.17
The United Kingdom 52,573,589 77.25 71.83
Timor-Leste 679,946 51.57 43.50
Togo 1,549,440 18.72 13.84
Tokelau 968 71.70 71.70
Tonga 75,868 71.78 65.37
Trinidad and Tobago 740,765 52.93 50.15
Tunisia 8,830,044 74.71 53.56
Turkey 57,623,451 69.30 63.39
Turkmenistan 4,374,694 72.54 53.16
Turks and Caicos Islands 31,165 80.49 75.31
Tuvalu 6,230 52.83 49.90
Uganda 13,809,794 30.19 16.79
Ukraine 15,718,610 35.94 34.44
United Arab Emirates 9,991,089 101.02 97.25
United Republic of Tanzania 3,223,953 5.40 4.18
United States of America 253,157,102 76.48 63.50
Uruguay 2,964,083 85.33 78.55
Uzbekistan 18,446,210 55.11 39.32
Vanuatu 114,284 37.21 27.73
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 22,157,232 77.92 50.24
Viet Nam 79,469,390 81.64 77.38
Wallis and Futuna 6,450 57.35 56.90
Yemen 624,837 2.10 1.29
Zambia 2,510,296 13.66 10.25
Zimbabwe 4,368,633 29.39 22.90
Download Excel Table

4. Discussion

In this analysis, we provide a quantitative assessment of global, regional, and national disruptions to COVID-19 vaccination coverage up to March 2022. A total of 4,964,626,775 persons were vaccinated worldwide with at least one dose, which is 63.69 per 100 of the population being administered COVID-19 vaccines at least one dose, and 56.16 per 100 population fully vaccinated. Persons vaccinated with at least one dose or fully were highest in the Eastern Mediterranean, followed by the Americas, South-East Asia, Europe, Western Pacific, and Africa. In addition, the proportion of persons who were vaccinated at least one dose or fully was also greatest in the high income countries, followed by upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income. Our results suggested that COVID-19 vaccination strategies must be separately established according to region, especially in underdeveloped countries, and global efforts are needed for support in low income countries in order to improve COVID-19 vaccination programs.

Previous studies have described regional differences in the progress of COVID-19 vaccination.[19-21] Due to limited evidence because of the lack of long-term clinical outcomes, the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination can vary according to cultural or regional differences. A meta-analysis demonstrated that the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate was approximately 62.79% (95% confidence intervals [CI], 58.98 to 66.60).[19] According to regions, South-East Asia showed a vaccine acceptance rate as high as 70.18% (95% CI, 58.12 to 82.25), while Africa showed a vaccine acceptance rate as low as 39.51% (95% CI, 23.42 to 55.59).[19] In addition, national guidelines or policies of individual nations for COVID-19 vaccination can influence the rate of COVID-19 vaccination.[1] For instance, COVID-19 vaccination in the pediatric population initiated from the USA.[1] The population’s age range may have an impact on the rate of COVID-19 vaccination.

4.1 Strengths and Limitations

Our study has several limitations. Firstly, accuracy of the dataset used in this study was not able to be evaluated through individual-level data and vaccine types.[22] Secondly, as our findings depend on the dataset of each 234 countries, these may vary depending on the reporting strategy of each country, which may lead to inaccuracy or bias.[23, 24] The World Health Organization is trying to control and reduce these errors and underestimation. Despite of these limitations, our interpretations can contribute on solving public health problems on emerging issues and health inequality on the COVID-19 pandemic.[25, 26]

5. Conclusion

A total of 4,964,626,775 persons worldwide were vaccinated with at least one dose, which is 63.69 per 100 population administered COVID-19 vaccines at least one dose, and 56.16 per 100 population were fully vaccinated. Although the COVID-19 vaccine coverage trajectories points towards global increasement in vaccination, persistent inequality in preventing the COVID-19 pandemic occurred in vulnerable groups such as under-developed and low income countries. These findings suggest that better understanding and international attention is needed in solving public health problems on emerging issues and health inequality on the COVID-19 pandemic.

Capsule Summary

A total of 4,964,626,775 persons worldwide were vaccinated with at least one dose, which is 63.69 per 100 population administered of COVID-19 vaccines at least one dose, and 56.16 per 100 population were fully vaccinated.

Ethics Statements

The study’s protocol has been approved by the research ethics board at the University of Washington. This dataset shall be conducted in full compliance with University of Washington policies and procedures, as well as applicable federal, state, and local laws.

Patient and Public Involvement

No patients were directly involved in designing the research question or conducting the research. No patients were asked to interpret or write up the results. However, we plan on disseminating the results of this study to any of the study participants or wider relevant communities on request.

Data Availability Statement

Data of the study are publicly available.

Transparency Statement

The leading authors (Dr. RK and MR) are an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported.

Acknowledgements

None

Author Contribution

Drs RK and MR had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors approved the final version before submission. Study concept and design: RK and MR; Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: RK and MR; Drafting of the manuscript: RK and MR; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: RK and MR; Statistical analysis: RK and MR; Study supervision: RK and MR. MR is guarantor. The corresponding authors attest that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted.

Funding

This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.

Provenance and Peer Review

Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

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