| Prevalence of osteoporosis, weighted % (95% CI) |
| Overall | 9.56 (8.62 to 10.49) | 10.45 (9.43 to 11.47) | 11.87 (10.91 to 12.83) | 12.78 (11.45 to 14.11) | 12.49 (11.56 to 13.42) | 11.73 (10.78 to 12.67) | 11.15 (10.08 to 12.23) | 10.74 (9.46 to 12.02) | 0.328 (0.061 to 0.596) | -0.499 (-1.287 to 0.290) | -0.83 (-1.66 to 0.01) |
| Age group, years |
| 50-59 | 5.88 (4.72 to 7.04) | 5.03 (3.99 to 6.08) | 6.26 (5.17 to 7.35) | 4.52 (3.29 to 5.76) | 4.91 (3.98 to 5.84) | 4.17 (3.38 to 4.96) | 4.25 (2.83 to 5.66) | 3.16 (2.06 to 4.27) | -0.323 (-0.585 to -0.061) | -0.455 (-1.124 to 0.213) | -0.13 (-0.85 to 0.59) |
| 60-69 | 11.69 (9.97 to 13.40) | 14.82 (12.75 to 16.90) | 14.25 (12.73 to 15.77) | 15.81 (13.49 to 18.13) | 14.84 (13.19 to 16.49) | 11.79 (10.16 to 13.43) | 13.96 (11.92 to 16.00) | 11.46 (9.19 to 13.73) | -0.401 (-0.884 to 0.082) | -0.018 (-1.398 to 1.363) | 0.38 (-1.08 to 1.85) |
| 70-79 | 14.75 (12.09 to 17.40) | 17.74 (14.95 to 20.54) | 20.69 (18.17 to 23.22) | 26.33 (22.62 to 30.05) | 23.90 (21.27 to 26.53) | 24.61 (22.23 to 26.99) | 19.18 (16.11 to 22.25) | 20.51 (17.14 to 23.88) | 1.713 (1.006 to 2.419) | -2.315 (-4.356 to -0.273) | -4.03 (-6.19 to -1.87) |
| ≤80 | 6.38 (2.40 to 10.37) | 8.70 (5.12 to 12.27) | 16.90 (12.40 to 21.40) | 18.37 (12.15 to 24.59) | 22.52 (18.55 to 26.48) | 24.23 (20.27 to 28.20) | 19.21 (13.81 to 24.62) | 25.29 (20.37 to 30.21) | 3.501 (2.339 to 4.663) | 0.135 (-3.045 to 3.315) | -3.37 (-6.75 to 0.02) |
| Sex |
| Male | 0.86 (0.38 to 1.33) | 1.90 (1.18 to 2.62) | 1.79 (1.23 to 2.36) | 1.83 (1.12 to 2.53) | 1.70 (1.17 to 2.23) | 1.44 (1.03 to 1.84) | 2.27 (1.38 to 3.16) | 1.13 (0.45 to 1.80) | -0.057 (-0.209 to 0.095) | -0.080 (-0.469 to 0.310) | -0.02 (-0.44 to 0.40) |
| Female | 16.21 (14.59 to 17.82) | 17.92 (16.15 to 19.68) | 20.61 (18.95 to 22.27) | 22.35 (20.05 to 24.64) | 22.07 (20.49 to 23.64) | 20.96 (19.31 to 22.62) | 19.23 (17.26 to 21.20) | 19.52 (17.25 to 21.78) | 0.781 (0.321 to 1.242) | -0.800 (-2.191 to 0.591) | -1.58 (-3.05 to -0.12) |
| Region of residence |
| Urban | 8.80 (7.78 to 9.82) | 10.14 (8.96 to 11.33) | 10.94 (9.86 to 12.02) | 12.26 (10.73 to 13.78) | 11.63 (10.60 to 12.65) | 10.82 (9.82 to 11.83) | 11.04 (9.78 to 12.30) | 10.36 (8.92 to 11.80) | 0.225 (-0.077 to 0.526) | -0.195 (-1.061 to 0.671) | -0.42 (-1.34 to 0.50) |
| Rural | 11.12 (9.21 to 13.02) | 11.32 (9.32 to 13.32) | 14.13 (12.11 to 16.15) | 14.68 (12.26 to 17.09) | 14.68 (12.26 to 17.09) | 15.90 (13.69 to 18.11) | 15.51 (13.27 to 17.74) | 11.65 (9.87 to 13.43) | 0.991 (0.418 to 1.563) | -1.825 (-3.554 to -0.096) | -2.82 (-4.64 to -0.99) |
| Household income |
| Lowest and second quartile | 10.21 (9.02 to 11.40) | 12.66 (11.26 to 14.06) | 14.54 (13.14 to 15.94) | 14.90 (13.12 to 16.68) | 17.51 (16.10 to 18.93) | 16.73 (15.30 to 18.16) | 15.63 (13.78 to 17.48) | 15.62 (13.52 to 17.71) | 1.176 (0.792 to 1.560) | -0.601 (-1.852 to 0.650) | -1.78 (-3.09 to -0.47) |
| Third and highest quartile | 8.49 (7.10 to 9.88) | 7.38 (6.07 to 8.69) | 8.56 (7.33 to 9.79) | 10.49 (8.77 to 12.21) | 7.43 (6.42 to 8.44) | 6.62 (5.67 to 7.56) | 7.30 (6.03 to 8.57) | 6.47 (5.14 to 7.80) | -0.356 (-0.670 to -0.041) | -0.022 (-0.826 to 0.782) | 0.33 (-0.53 to 1.20) |
| Education level |
| High school or lower educa-tion | 10.26 (9.27 to 11.26) | 11.44 (10.31 to 12.57) | 12.96 (11.89 to 14.02) | 14.23 (12.70 to 15.77) | 14.70 (13.61 to 15.79) | 13.83 (12.69 to 14.96) | 13.38 (12.02 to 14.75) | 12.68 (11.08 to 14.29) | 0.673 (0.365 to 0.981) | -0.562 (-1.533 to 0.408) | -1.24 (-2.25 to -0.22) |
| College or higher educa-tion | 2.19 (0.84 to 3.54) | 2.66 (1.14 to 4.18) | 4.11 (2.80 to 5.42) | 6.11 (3.93 to 8.29) | 4.67 (3.28 to 6.05) | 4.67 (3.52 to 5.82) | 4.79 (3.30 to 6.29) | 5.23 (3.37 to 7.08) | 0.351 (-0.036 to 0.737) | 0.268 (-0.801 to 1.337) | -0.08 (-1.22 to 1.05) |
| BMI, kg/m2* |
| Under-weight | 11.14 (6.01 to 16.27) | 10.15 (3.95 to 16.35) | 14.05 (8.03 to 20.07) | 17.00 (6.99 to 27.01) | 13.67 (8.14 to 19.20) | 22.94 (15.18 to 30.69) | 15.59 (7.39 to 23.80) | 19.93 (10.58 to 29.29) | 2.300 (0.459 to 4.142) | -1.826 (-7.847 to 4.195) | -4.13 (-10.42 to 2.17) |
| Normal and over-weight | 9.23 (8.07 to 10.39) | 10.79 (9.48 to 12.09) | 12.07 (10.97 to 13.18) | 13.78 (12.06 to 15.49) | 13.02 (11.85 to 14.19) | 12.38 (11.28 to 13.48) | 12.06 (10.55 to 13.57) | 10.82 (9.23 to 12.40) | 0.441 (0.115 to 0.768) | -0.747 (-1.695 to 0.201) | -1.19 (-2.19 to -0.19) |
| Obese | 9.93 (8.49 to 11.38) | 9.94 (8.33 to 11.56) | 11.38 (9.77 to 12.98) | 11.02 (9.00 to 13.03) | 11.56 (10.15 to 12.97) | 9.94 (8.65 to 11.22) | 9.52 (7.92 to 11.12) | 9.95 (7.99 to 11.92) | 0.011 (-0.384 to 0.407) | -0.024 (-1.182 to 1.134) | -0.04 (-1.26 to 1.19) |
| Menopausal status |
| Male | 0.86 (0.38 to 1.33) | 1.90 (1.18 to 2.62) | 1.79 (1.23 to 2.36) | 1.83 (1.12 to 2.53) | 1.70 (1.17 to 2.23) | 1.44 (1.03 to 1.84) | 2.27 (1.38 to 3.16) | 1.13 (0.45 to 1.80) | -0.057 (-0.209 to 0.095) | -0.080 (-0.469 to 0.310) | -0.02 (-0.44 to 0.40) |
| Post-menopausal | 17.55 (15.74 to 19.36) | 19.18 (17.22 to 21.14) | 21.95 (20.19 to 23.70) | 26.01 (23.35 to 28.67) | 24.79 (23.01 to 26.56) | 24.25 (22.36 to 26.13) | 23.54 (21.19 to 25.88) | 23.24 (20.33 to 26.15) | 1.291 (0.777 to 1.805) | -0.520 (-2.227 to 1.187) | -1.81 (-3.59 to -0.03) |
| Premenopausal | 8.80 (5.68 to 11.92) | 11.55 (7.48 to 15.63) | 10.30 (6.86 to 13.75) | 5.01 (2.52 to 7.50) | 4.53 (2.20 to 6.87) | 7.01 (4.93 to 9.09) | 6.51 (3.95 to 9.07) | 7.27 (4.70 to 9.84) | -1.119 (-1.942 to -0.295) | 0.094 (-1.539 to 1.727) | 1.21 (-0.62 to 3.04) |
| Prevalence of osteoporosis in menopausal women, weighted % (95% CI) |
| Overall | 14.86 (13.29 to 16.43) | 16.01 (14.36 to 17.65) | 19.42 (17.83 to 21.01) | 21.47 (19.20 to 23.74) | 21.46 (19.90 to 23.01) | 19.63 (18.03 to 21.23) | 17.58 (15.69 to 19.47) | 17.82 (15.66 to 19.98) | 0.912 (0.472 to 1.352) | -0.989 (-2.325 to 0.346) | -1.90 (-3.31 to -0.49) |
| Age group, years |
| 50-59 | 8.99 (7.09 to 10.88) | 8.07 (6.19 to 9.96) | 9.78 (7.93 to 11.62) | 7.75 (5.44 to 10.06) | 8.58 (6.87 to 10.29) | 6.50 (5.07 to 7.93) | 5.83 (3.69 to 7.97) | 4.59 (2.76 to 6.43) | -0.451 (-0.917 to 0.014) | -0.929 (-2.086 to 0.229) | -0.48 (-1.72 to 0.77) |
| 60-69 | 18.98 (16.05 to 21.91) | 23.01 (19.60 to 26.41) | 25.00 (22.18 to 27.81) | 28.49 (24.34 to 32.65) | 26.47 (23.58 to 29.36) | 20.61 (17.72 to 23.50) | 24.12 (20.70 to 27.54) | 19.40 (15.84 to 22.96) | -0.155 (-0.982 to 0.672) | -0.349 (-2.628 to 1.929) | -0.19 (-2.62 to 2.23) |
| 70-79 | 21.39 (17.57 to 25.21) | 24.72 (20.51 to 28.92) | 30.79 (27.00 to 34.57) | 39.26 (33.42 to 45.09) | 38.09 (34.23 to 41.96) | 39.08 (35.33 to 42.83) | 26.78 (21.80 to 31.77) | 34.09 (28.85 to 39.32) | 3.545 (2.477 to 4.614) | -3.327 (-6.525 to -0.129) | -6.87 (-10.24 to -3.50) |
| ≤80 | 8.44 (2.66 to 14.21) | 10.75 (6.25 to 15.25) | 22.95 (16.46 to 29.43) | 24.59 (15.34 to 33.84) | 30.04 (24.59 to 35.48) | 33.84 (28.30 to 39.37) | 28.73 (21.02 to 36.45) | 34.14 (27.22 to 41.06) | 5.109 (3.526 to 6.691) | -0.198 (-4.637 to 4.241) | -5.31 (-10.02 to -0.59) |
| Sex |
| Male | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| Female | 14.86 (13.29 to 16.43) | 16.01 (14.36 to 17.65) | 19.42 (17.83 to 21.01) | 21.47 (19.20 to 23.74) | 21.46 (19.90 to 23.01) | 19.63 (18.03 to 21.23) | 17.58 (15.69 to 19.47) | 17.82 (15.66 to 19.98) | 0.912 (0.472 to 1.352) | -0.989 (-2.325 to 0.346) | -1.90 (-3.31 to -0.49) |
| Region of residence |
| Urban | 13.80 (12.14 to 15.46) | 15.62 (13.68 to 17.56) | 17.83 (16.01 to 19.65) | 20.34 (17.76 to 22.92) | 19.98 (18.26 to 21.70) | 17.98 (16.32 to 19.65) | 17.26 (15.05 to 19.48) | 17.10 (14.66 to 19.55) | 0.681 (0.185 to 1.176) | -0.463 (-1.916 to 0.990) | -1.14 (-2.68 to 0.39) |
| Rural | 16.92 (13.65 to 20.19) | 17.11 (13.95 to 20.26) | 23.16 (19.89 to 26.42) | 25.69 (21.17 to 30.20) | 27.37 (23.77 to 30.97) | 26.57 (22.56 to 30.59) | 19.00 (15.94 to 22.06) | 20.47 (16.03 to 24.91) | 2.248 (1.285 to 3.211) | -3.314 (-6.323 to -0.305) | -5.56 (-8.72 to -2.40) |
| Household income |
| Lowest and second quartile | 15.42 (13.55 to 17.29) | 18.61 (16.46 to 20.75) | 22.40 (20.22 to 24.57) | 24.83 (21.83 to 27.84) | 27.41 (25.22 to 29.59) | 26.09 (23.89 to 28.28) | 23.61 (20.47 to 26.75) | 23.91 (20.71 to 27.11) | 2.057 (1.473 to 2.641) | -1.202 (-3.125 to 0.721) | -3.26 (-5.27 to -1.25) |
| Third and highest quartile | 13.80 (11.31 to 16.28) | 11.79 (9.37 to 14.21) | 15.05 (12.76 to 17.33) | 17.47 (14.42 to 20.52) | 14.26 (12.36 to 16.17) | 11.73 (9.94 to 13.51) | 11.74 (9.45 to 14.02) | 11.54 (9.04 to 14.03) | -0.271 (-0.854 to 0.312) | -0.089 (-1.605 to 1.428) | 0.18 (-1.44 to 1.81) |
| Education level |
| High school or lower education | 15.03 (13.45 to 16.61) | 16.43 (14.72 to 18.14) | 20.04 (18.40 to 21.68) | 22.68 (20.20 to 25.17) | 23.03 (21.35 to 24.72) | 21.55 (19.74 to 23.36) | 19.98 (17.72 to 22.23) | 20.21 (17.64 to 22.77) | 1.329 (0.854 to 1.804) | -0.746 (-2.295 to 0.803) | -2.08 (-3.70 to -0.45) |
| College or higher educa-tion | 10.00 (3.90 to 16.09) | 8.44 (3.13 to 13.75) | 9.50 (5.32 to 13.68) | 12.16 (7.40 to 16.92) | 11.51 (7.79 to 15.23) | 9.53 (6.92 to 12.15) | 7.54 (4.77 to 10.31) | 8.65 (5.32 to 11.99) | 0.063 (-1.041 to 1.167) | -0.511 (-2.609 to 1.586) | -0.57 (-2.94 to 1.80) |
| BMI, kg/m2* |
| Under-weight | 20.59 (10.82 to 30.37) | 19.88 (7.54 to 32.22) | 21.38 (10.52 to 32.24) | 28.99 (11.02 to 46.96) | 22.60 (13.21 to 31.98) | 29.13 (18.92 to 39.33) | 27.33 (11.83 to 42.84) | 23.95 (12.82 to 35.07) | 1.827 (-1.114 to 4.767) | -2.547 (-10.115 to 5.022) | -4.37 (-12.49 to 3.75) |
| Normal and over-weight | 15.46 (13.35 to 17.56) | 16.28 (14.26 to 18.30) | 20.01 (18.02 to 21.99) | 22.92 (20.19 to 25.65) | 21.78 (19.78 to 23.78) | 20.07 (18.20 to 21.94) | 18.17 (15.53 to 20.81) | 17.94 (15.24 to 20.63) | 0.869 (0.327 to 1.411) | -1.133 (-2.753 to 0.487) | -2.00 (-3.71 to -0.29) |
| Obese | 13.60 (11.56 to 15.64) | 15.38 (12.69 to 18.07) | 18.37 (15.77 to 20.98) | 18.91 (15.32 to 22.50) | 20.85 (18.42 to 23.29) | 18.10 (15.80 to 20.40) | 15.85 (12.98 to 18.73) | 17.11 (13.61 to 20.61) | 0.861 (0.190 to 1.532) | -0.619 (-2.678 to 1.441) | -1.48 (-3.65 to 0.69) |