Table 3. Nationwide trends in prevalence of counseling for sadness status from Korean adults in Community Health Survey, 2009-2021

Before the pandemic During the pandemic Counseling for sadness trend, β (95% CI) Trend difference, βdiff (95% CI) Before and during the COVID pandemic, OR (95% CI)
2009-2011 2012-2014 2015-2017 2018-2019 2020 2021 Before the pandemic During the pandemic 2020-2021 versus 2018-2019
Overall 0.941 (0.917 to 0.964) 0.991 (0.966 to 1.015) 1.123 (1.098 to 1.149) 1.233 (1.201 to 1.266) 1.486 (1.450 to 1.521) 0.109 (0.096 to 0.122) 0.047 (0.038 to 0.056) -0.062 (-0.078 to -0.046) 1.412 (1.374 to 1.451)
Income
< 3 million won 1.218 (0.000 to 1.259) 1.376 (0.000 to 1.419) 1.431 (0.000 to 1.470) 1.742 (0.000 to 1.805) 1.998 (0.000 to 2.064) 0.114 (0.097 to 0.130) 0.035 (0.022 to 0.047) -0.079 (-0.099 to -0.058) 1.428 (1.375 to 1.482)
≥ 3 million won 0.647 (0.611 to 0.683) 0.670 (0.637 to 0.703) 0.761 (0.730 to 0.793) 0.862 (0.820 to 0.903) 1.111 (1.063 to 1.158) 0.109 (0.084 to 0.134) 0.064 (0.048 to 0.080) -0.045 (-0.074 to -0.015) 1.518 (1.445 to 1.595)
Unknown 0.829 (0.789 to 0.869) 0.735 (0.688 to 0.783) 1.256 (0.976 to 1.537) 1.080 (1.007 to 1.153) 1.309 (1.236 to 1.382) 0.122 (0.085 to 0.160) 0.048 (0.026 to 0.069) -0.075 (-0.118 to -0.031) 1.541 (1.444 to 1.646)
Current smoking status
No 0.990 (0.963 to 1.017) 1.016 (0.989 to 1.044) 1.110 (1.082 to 1.138) 1.209 (1.173 to 1.245) 1.442 (1.404 to 1.480) 0.079 (0.064 to 0.094) 0.044 (0.034 to 0.054) -0.035 (-0.052 to -0.017) 1.351 (1.311 to 1.393)
Yes 0.774 (0.730 to 0.818) 0.894 (0.844 to 0.944) 1.181 (1.120 to 1.241) 1.350 (1.267 to 1.433) 1.706 (1.612 to 1.799) 0.226 (0.197 to 0.256) 0.059 (0.038 to 0.080) -0.167 (-0.204 to -0.131) 1.719 (1.615 to 1.830)
Alcohol consumption, days/month
0 1.247 (0.000 to 1.285) 1.277 (0.000 to 1.317) 1.409 (0.000 to 1.451) 1.480 (0.000 to 1.531) 1.677 (0.000 to 1.731) 0.072 (0.055 to 0.090) 0.047 (0.028 to 0.066) -0.025 (-0.051 to 0.001) 1.533 (1.446 to 1.625)
1–4 0.679 (0.643 to 0.715) 0.755 (0.717 to 0.793) 0.887 (0.846 to 0.928) 1.016 (0.961 to 1.072) 1.474 (1.399 to 1.549) 0.157 (0.130 to 0.184) 0.094 (0.075 to 0.112) -0.063 (-0.096 to -0.030) 1.819 (1.718 to 1.927)
5–30 0.624 (0.582 to 0.665) 0.715 (0.671 to 0.759) 0.858 (0.811 to 0.905) 0.976 (0.913 to 1.038) 1.187 (1.129 to 1.245) 0.174 (0.141 to 0.207) 0.047 (0.028 to 0.066) -0.127 (-0.165 to -0.089) 1.533 (1.446 to 1.625)
BMI group
Under and normal 0.949 (0.917 to 0.982) 1.018 (0.984 to 1.052) 1.162 (1.125 to 1.200) 1.271 (1.220 to 1.322) 1.559 (1.505 to 1.613) 0.114 (0.096 to 0.132) 0.051 (0.038 to 0.065) -0.063 (-0.085 to -0.040) 1.457 (1.401 to 1.516)
Over and obese 0.931 (0.897 to 0.965) 0.962 (0.928 to 0.996) 1.087 (1.052 to 1.122) 1.206 (1.163 to 1.249) 1.425 (1.378 to 1.472) 0.106 (0.087 to 0.125) 0.042 (0.030 to 0.054) -0.064 (-0.087 to -0.041) 1.378 (1.327 to 1.431)
Education background
≤ High school 1.086 (1.056 to 1.117) 1.149 (1.116 to 1.181) 1.267 (1.232 to 1.301) 1.343 (1.299 to 1.386) 1.547 (1.500 to 1.593) 0.086 (0.071 to 0.102) 0.036 (0.025 to 0.047) -0.050 (-0.070 to -0.031) 1.298 (1.255 to 1.342)
≥ College 0.641 (0.607 to 0.675) 0.704 (0.669 to 0.738) 0.882 (0.845 to 0.919) 1.047 (0.997 to 1.097) 1.390 (1.335 to 1.445) 0.195 (0.169 to 0.220) 0.071 (0.055 to 0.086) -0.124 (-0.154 to -0.095) 1.741 (1.662 to 1.824)
Occupational group
White-collar 0.482 (0.000 to 0.520) 0.529 (0.000 to 0.569) 0.701 (0.000 to 0.745) 0.836 (0.000 to 0.897) 1.192 (0.000 to 1.263) 0.221 (0.183 to 0.260) 0.088 (0.065 to 0.111) -0.133 (-0.178 to -0.088) 1.934 (1.803 to 2.075)
Blue-collar 0.609 (0.580 to 0.638) 0.668 (0.639 to 0.698) 0.766 (0.734 to 0.798) 0.799 (0.759 to 0.840) 0.992 (0.948 to 1.037) 0.111 (0.086 to 0.135) 0.054 (0.037 to 0.071) -0.056 (-0.086 to -0.027) 1.416 (1.345 to 1.490)
Unknown 1.513 (1.466 to 1.560) 1.646 (1.594 to 1.698) 1.809 (1.755 to 1.863) 1.950 (1.882 to 2.017) 2.184 (2.115 to 2.253) 0.103 (0.085 to 0.120) 0.029 (0.017 to 0.041) -0.074 (-0.095 to -0.053) 1.288 (1.242 to 1.335)
Marital status
Married 0.837 (0.811 to 0.863) 0.840 (0.814 to 0.867) 0.918 (0.891 to 0.946) 0.993 (0.958 to 1.029) 1.153 (1.114 to 1.191) 0.068 (0.051 to 0.085) 0.038 (0.025 to 0.050) -0.030 (-0.051 to -0.009) 1.302 (1.255 to 1.352)
Single 1.204 (1.154 to 1.253) 1.375 (1.321 to 1.428) 1.604 (1.548 to 1.659) 1.767 (1.697 to 1.838) 2.142 (2.069 to 2.215) 0.154 (0.133 to 0.175) 0.048 (0.035 to 0.062) -0.106 (-0.130 to -0.081) 1.469 (1.412 to 1.529)
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
The bold numbers indicate a significant difference (p <0.05).