Table 3. Summary of four meta-analyses on COVID-19 and prostate cancer

Author, year	N. of study estimates	Main outcome	Effect metrics	Results
Karimi, 2021[40]	4	ADT (+) versus ADT (-)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	COVID-19 Infection Risk, 0.63 (0.27-1.48, p=0.29); hospitalization rate, 0.51 (0.10-2.53, p=0.41); ICU admission, 1.11 (0.43-2.90, p=0.82); and mortality risk, 1.21 (0.34-4.32, p=0.77)
Motlagh, 2022[15]	4	COVID-19 infection risk in patients with prostate cancer under ADT vs. no ADT	Relative risk (95% CI)	0.80 (0.44-1.47)
	5	Severity of COVID-19 in patients with prostate cancer under ADT versus no ADT		1.23 (0.90-1.68)
Chan, 2021[33]	4 (RCTs)	A. Expectant management versus immediate RPB. Cancer-specific survival in expectant management versus immediate RP	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	A. 1.21 (1.08-1.37, p<0.01)B. 1.63 (1.26-2.10, p<0.001)
	10 (observational studies)	Positive surgical margin in 3 months of NHT and delayed RP versus immediate RP		0.45 (0.37-0.54, p<0.01)
Lopez, 2020[47]	3	Supervised versus non-supervised exercise period (during COVID-19)	Standard mean difference (95% CI)	Fatigue, 0.2 (-0.6 to 0.2, p=0.090); quality of life, 0.0 (-1.4 to 1.5, p=0.810)
			Mean difference (kg; (95% CI)	Fat mass 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.5, p=0.141); lean mass 0.0 (-1.2 to 1.2, p=0.810)

Abbreviations; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH-RH, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone; NHT, neoadjuvant hormonal therapy; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RP, radical prostatectomy.