Total, n (%) | 65,321 (68.3) | 30,335 (31.7) | | 27,792 (50.5) | 27,792 (50.5) | |
Median [IQR] years of follow-up | 5.2 [2.2 to 8.0] | 6.8 [3.9 to 9.3] | 0.376 | 6.6 [4.0 to 8.7] | 6.8 [3.9 to 9.2] | 0.010 |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 51.6 (12.8) | 54.7 (11.9) | 0.247 | 54.3 (11.8) | 54.4 (12.1) | 0.008 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 22,529 (34.5) | 12,019 (39.6) | 0.106 | 10,644 (38.3) | 10,642 (38.3) | <0.001 |
Region of residence, n (%) | | | | | | |
Rural | 36,747 (56.3) | 28,574 (59.1) | 0.057 | 16,520 (59.4) | 16,517 (59.4) | <0.001 |
Urban | 28,574 (43.7) | 12,409 (40.9) | 0.057 | 11,272 (40.6) | 11,275 (40.6) | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, n (%) | | | | | | |
<25 | 42,570 (65.2) | 18,755 (61.8) | 0.071 | 17,646 (63.5) | 17,481 (62.9) | 0.012 |
25–30 | 20,208 (30.9) | 10,113 (33.3) | 0.051 | 9,090 (32.7) | 9,143 (32.9) | 0.004 |
≥30 | 2,543 (3.9) | 1,467 (4.8) | 0.044 | 1,056 (3.8) | 1,168 (4.2) | 0.020 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 126.2 (17.8) | 125.7 (17.6) | 0.028 | 126.0 (17.8) | 125.9 (17.7) | 0.006 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD) | 78.8 (11.2) | 77.9 (11.2) | 0.080 | 78.2 (11.2) | 78.0 (11.1) | 0.018 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 101.1 (35.7) | 98.8 (30.9) | 0.069 | 99.7 (32.3) | 99.1 (30.7) | 0.018 |
Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 200.1 (40.7) | 198.8 (38.8) | 0.033 | 199.5 (40.3) | 199.0 (38.9) | 0.013 |
History of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4,256 (6.5) | 2,962 (9.8) | 0.121 | 1,814 (6.5) | 1,816 (6.5) | <0.001 |
History of stroke, n (%) | 532 (0.8) | 364 (1.2) | 0.141 | 109 (0.4) | 109 (0.4) | <0.001 |
History of hypertension, n (%) | 10,566 (16.2) | 6,711 (22.1) | 0.150 | 5,474 (19.7) | 5,478 (19.7) | <0.001 |
Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) | | | | | | |
0-1 | 46,329 (70.9) | 19,625 (64.7) | 0.133 | 19,010 (68.4) | 18,873 (67.9) | 0.011 |
2 | 10,759 (16.5) | 6,027 (19.9) | 0.088 | 5,280 (19.0) | 5,362 (19.3) | 0.008 |
≥3 | 8,233 (12.6) | 4,683 (15.4) | 0.084 | 3,502 (12.6) | 3,557 (12.8) | 0.006 |
Household income, n (%) 27,792 | | | | | | |
Low (0–39 percentile) | 21,576 (33.0) | 10,431 (34.4) | 0.030 | 9,139 (32.9) | 9,173 (33.0) | 0.002 |
Middle (40–79 percentile) | 19,960 (30.6) | 9,082 (29.9) | 0.015 | 8,619 (31.0) | 8,647 (31.1) | 0.002 |
High (80–100 percentile) | 23,785 (36.4) | 10,822 (35.7) | 0.015 | 10,034 (36.1) | 9,972 (35.9) | 0.004 |
Smoking, n (%) | | | | | | |
Never smoker | 50,045 (76.6) | 22,076 (72.8) | 0.087 | 20,732 (74.6) | 20,728 (74.6) | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 4,714 (7.2) | 2,433 (8.0) | 0.030 | 1,958 (7.0) | 1,957 (7.0) | <0.001 |
Current smoker | 10,562 (16.2) | 5,826 (19.2) | 0.079 | 5,110 (18.4) | 5,107 (18.4) | <0.001 |
Alcoholic drinks, days per week, n (%) | | | | | | |
<1 | 51,023 (78.1) | 23,629 (77.9) | 0.007 | 21,677 (78.0) | 21,680 (78.0) | <0.001 |
1–2 | 8,702 (13.3) | 3,711 (12.2) | 0.033 | 3,530 (12.7) | 3,471 (12.5) | 0.006 |
3–4 | 3,351 (5.1) | 1,744 (5.7) | 0.027 | 1,501 (5.4) | 1,529 (5.5) | 0.004 |
≥5 | 2,245 (3.4) | 1,251 (4.1) | 0.037 | 1,084 (3.9) | 1,112 (4.0) | 0.005 |
Physical activity sessions per week, n (%) | | | | | | |
0 | 37,042 (56.7) | 17,509 (57.7) | 0.020 | 15,935 (57.3) | 15,984 (57.5) | 0.004 |
1–2 | 12,331 (18.9) | 5,462 (18.0) | 0.023 | 5,109 (18.4) | 5,058 (18.2) | 0.005 |
3–4 | 6,912 (10.6) | 2,998 (9.9) | 0.023 | 2,802 (10.1) | 2,779 (10.0) | 0.003 |
5–6 | 3,224 (4.9) | 1,427 (4.7) | 0.009 | 1,334 (4.8) | 1,330 (4.8) | <0.001 |
7 | 5,812 (8.9) | 2,939 (9.7) | 0.028 | 2,612 (9.4) | 2,641 (9.5) | 0.003 |
Use of medications, n (%) | | | | | | |
Proton pump inhibitors | 3,647 (5.6) | 2,239 (7.4) | 0.073 | 1,587 (5.7) | 1,644 (5.9) | 0.009 |
Statins | 3,249 (5.0) | 2,347 (7.7) | 0.011 | 1,433 (5.2) | 1,437 (5.2) | <0.001 |
Systemic glucocorticoids | 27,518 (42.1) | 11,945 (39.4) | 0.067 | 10,908 (39.2) | 10,889 (39.2) | <0.001 |
Metformin | 2,261 (3.5) | 1,701 (5.6) | 0.101 | 889 (3.2) | 882 (3.2) | <0.001 |
Aspirin | 3,754 (5.7) | 2,307 (7.6) | 0.076 | 1,476 (5.3) | 1,471 (5.3) | <0.001 |
Hormone replacement therapy | 4,830 (7.4) | 2,362 (7.8) | 0.015 | 2,039 (7.3) | 2,042 (7.3) | <0.001 |